Extinction type exposure meter with automatic eye sensitivity compensation



RATH EXTINCTION TYPE EXPOSURE METER Filed OCt. 25, 1945 2,484,735 WITH AUTOMATIC EYE SENSITIVITY COMPENSATION Oct. 11, 1949.

I5 Sheets-Sheet l T z/ za INVENTOR 14/ flag Oct. 11, 1949. RATH EXTINCTION TYPE EXPOSURE METER WITH AUTOMATIC EYE SENSITIVITY COMPENSATION 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Oct. 25, 1945 INVENTOR h/ m T 2,484,735 EXTINCTION TYPE EXPOSURE METER WITH AUTOMATIC EYE SENSITIVITY COMPENSATION Filed 001?. 23, 1.945

Oct. 11, 1949.

3 Sheets-Sneet 3 INVENTOR Patented Oct. 11, 1949 EXTINCTION TYPE EXPOSURE METER WITH AUTOMATIC EYE SENSITIVITY COMPEN- SATION Karl Bath, New York, N. Y. Application October 23, 1945, Serial No. 623,919

3 Claims.

My invention relates to exposure control, more particularly to a novel arrangement for determining the correct exposure setting or adjustment of the exposure control organs of a camera. in accordance with an existing scene or object brightness to insure a correctly exposed photograph.

Two basic types of exposure meters or control devices have come into general use; the optical or visual exposure meter relying on the human eye as a criterion for determining the scene or object brightness and the photoelectric meter utilizing the output current of a photoelectric cell as a basis for the scene brightness measurement.

Both of the above types of exposure meter possess advantages and disadvantages limiting their use or making necessary corrections and readjustments to insure a correct exposure under the most widely varying illumination or scene brightness conditions encountered in practice. Thus, the visual meter has the advantage that it can be used with equal accuracy over an extremely wide range of scene brightness values including scenes or subjects of the lowest brightness encountered in practical photography, in which case the electrical meter is less accurate and subject to substantial difficulties in obtaining reliable readings in an easy and simple manner. The visual meter, on the other hand, is subject to the effect of the varying eye sensitivity or acuity of vision of the human eye, thus rendering the reading subject to substantial errors in the hands of less trained and experienced photographers.

In particular, visual exposure meters which are not held up close to the eye do not measure the same thing as meters where exterior light is excluded by an eye cup or the like and every effort is made to achieve a constant eye sensitivity so that one measures the actual subject brightness. But when the meter is held at a distance from the eye, the exterior light exercises a profound effect due to the varying eye sensitivity and one is in fact comparing the reflected brightness oi the subject with the general surrounding light which falls upon it. Accordingly, visual meters of this type known in the art require substantial correcting factors for the surrounding light condition. Since this "light condition has to be estimated, there is a rather dangerous source of error. In fact, one might almost claim that these meters are measuring the average reflection factor of the subject only.

As pointed out, however, visual meters as a rule can be used wherever one can see and possess ample sensitivity, while in the photoelectric meter extreme sensitiveness requires a large photocell and a more delicate indicator, so that to combine sensitiveness with small size and cheapness is not easy to achieve.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is the provision of an exposure determining device which substantially combines the advantages of both the visual and the electric meter; which is simple in construction and to operate; which insures correct exposure readings within the widest scene or subject brightness range encountered in practice; which can be used in a convenient position at a distance from the observers eye; which is capable of aflording an instantaneous reading; which is substantially free from the error due to the personal element due to the effect of the varying acuity of vision or eye sensitivity; which can be used either as a separate accessory of a camera or which can be structurally combined with the exposure adjustments of said camera; which is rugged in construction and relatively cheap to manufacture compared with electrical exposure meters of the type presently known; and wherein the effect of the varying eye sensitivity under varying light conditions is automatically accounted for or considered without guessing or estimation and without special experience on the part of the photographer.

These and further objects of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in reference to the ac companying drawings forming part of this specification, and wherein:

Figure 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an exposure meter construction embodying the principles of the invention;

Figure 2 is a diagram showing a preferred construction of the electric indicator embodied in Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a top view of the meter shown in Figure 1;

Figure 4 is a similar top view of the meter shown in Figure 1 with the cover removed therefrom;

Figure 5 is a diagrammatic view of an exposure control system according to the invention,suitable for structural combination with a camera;

Figure 6 is a top view and Figure *7 is a front view of a practical camera construction embodying exposure control apparatus of the type shown in Figure 5;

Figure 8 is a side view partly shown in section taken on line 88 of Figure 6;

Figure 9 is a further sectional view taken on line 9-9 of Figure 6;

Figure 10 is a schematic view illustrating a modified type of an exposure meter construction according to thednvention;

Figure 11 isa top view of anneteaconstruction embodying the principles of Figure 10; and

Figure 12 is a sectional View taken on line I2-I2 of Figure 11.

Like reference charactersrideiitiiyflikefrparts throughout the different views'of "the" drawings.

Referring more particularly to Figures 1-4, I have shown an exposure meter according textile invention suitable as a separate accessory .fora camera and mounted in a rectangular casing of metal or preferably a composition material such as Bakelite, etc., said casing having a bottom portion In and top'or cover I l-securedto the former in any suitable manner such asby screws I2. The front end of the casing has arectangular slot or light-emitting opening l3 to admit light rays from a photographic subject or scene into the interior of thecasing in the operative position upon properlyaiming the opening 13 towards a subject or scene to be photographed.

At a predetermined distance behind the opening 13 there is arranged a photometric or graduated neutral densit preferably light diffusing, wedge l4 applied to or mounted upon an endless band I5 of celluloid or-similar translucent or semi-transparent material. The band 15 is mounted for movement pastan index |6,which for the time being will be regardedas fixed or stationary, by-the provision of four guide posts or rollers I1 suitablymounted in the bottom of the lower casing part 10. In order tomove the wedge l4, band leis. providedwitlta series of r perforations along itsflupper edge in-a manner similar to a movingfipicturedilm, said perforations being engaged-by the teeth or sprockets oi a disk 'IB rotatably mounted =in the top hand operable by holding the meter and engaging either of the parts of disk It exposed in suitable recesses 2| of thecover l.l,.by the thumb of'the hand.

In' this manner, while. pointing 'thenmeter in the direction of the subject on scene to be photograbbed, the wedge may be continuously moved past the index 16, which latterhas the form of a thin rod or needle transverse to the wedge and described in greater detail hereafter.

' Mounted behind the wedge 14 and index It is a mirror or reflector 24 for directing the light rays entering the meter man-"upward direction towards a viewing opening or slot 25 in the top I I, as indicated by the arrows in the'di'awing. In this manner an image ""61 wedge and an image IG'of index 16' 'wi1l appearin the viewing slot 25, whereby. by moving. the wedge by rotating the disk 18, the outline of 'index ifi' may be caused todisappear or 'merge with the wedge M. The extent of rotation necessary to cause the index to just disappearorbecomebare- 1y visible is then a measure ofhtheintensity of the light rays entering the meter, that. .is,..in turn, of the subject or scenebrightness to' be determined.

' The adjustment of'the wedge to the extinction point of the index 16' may btranslated into the proper exposure control values or a camera in any suitable manner known in' theart. Thus,

"intheexamp'ie shown'fthe disk ilhas a shaftor rivet 26 mounted in an opening oftheflmp H" and carrying a scale disk 21 resting upon the outer surface of the casing. Disk 21 thus being rotatable together with disk ID in accordance with the adjustment of the wedge I4, is pro- 5 vided with a first scale 28 arranged to cooperate with a second scale 30 applied to a ring-shaped further rotatable scale member 3i encircling the *disk 27 and imounted or held by suitable guides or brackets 32, or in any other suitable manner.

10 Disk 3| has an adjusting knob 33 which is provided with an index cooperating with a fixed scale-applieddirectly to the outer face of the cover H.

In an arrangement of the type aforedescribed,

15 if the scales 28 and 30 represent lens aperture and exposure times, or vice versa, and if scale 34 representsfilm speeds, initial adjustment of the scale member 3| for the speed of the film or plate used and subsequent adjustment of scale member 21 ..by.moizing the wedge to a position of extinction of-the image 16 of the index I6 by the image 14' of the wedge 14 in the viewing slot, will .result in a, proper alignment of the scales 28 .laridltflrin such a manner that any'desired pair 25 of. coordinated aperture and exposure times may be selected by the hotographer for'adjusting the camera controls to insure a correctly exposed picture under the existing scene or subject brightness conditions.

In order to properly correlate the movement or the'wed e and scale members, suitable intermediate transmission elements may be provided such as oneor more intermediate gears interposed between the disk 18 and the perforated edge of the 35 band 15 carrying the wedge l4.

In the foregoing, the position-oi index 16 has been assumed as stationary; With a stationary index, however; the extinction adjustment 'as described will be largely dependent upon the 40 acuityof vision or. sensitiveness oflthe human ,eye, which in turn depends on the general illumi- "nation or "light condition" to which the eye is exposed.

Thus, considering a photographic subject of agiven brightnessand encompassed by the view or acceptance angle a of the meter in the opera'tive'posltion' (this angle. being determined in a known manner by'the distance of the opening l3 from .the wedge 14:01? by any other well known acceptance angle'limiting means), and-assuming 'atfirst a'medium illumination 01 light condition "(lightly clouded sky), adjustment of wedge II to a point ofextinguishment of the index IE will themresult in-a certain exposure (lens aperture and correlated exposure time) read from the calcixlator on"the topor cover II inthe manner "described above.

"With the brightness of the subject remaining "constant, irnow the light condition changes in thedark direction (i. e.; to a" deeply clouded sky, to-ashadow scene, etc.);"theincreased sensitive- "ness of the eye or greater capacity of the eye to distinguish between detail will result in the neces- "sity' of moving the wedge M to a point where'a denser-fiportion thereofwill be opposite to the index I 6 in the extinction position of "the latter, that isp'resulting in a greater light intensity "measurement and accordingly-an underexposed picture. Viceversaif the light condition changes -'inthe bright direction" (1; e.,' to' a sunny sky, etc), the reduced eye sensitivity will result in an "overexposed picture. as iswell understood by those skilled in the art.

Inmy UfSf Patent Nof'2,321,420, I have de- 'sctibed asystem of this type wherein the index ness with an increase of the cooperating with a movable wedge is adjusted manually relative to said wedge according to a prearranged scale representing light conditions which have to be guessed or estimated by the photographer.

According to the present invention, the adj ustment of the index to account for or consider the efiect of the varying eye sensitivity in the final exposure determination is completely automatic and substantially free from the personal factor, whereby to insure a correct exposure under any conditions without requiring special training and experience in judging or estimating the light conditions. For this purpose, the index is carried by the movable element of an electric indicating instrument which is energized by a photovoltaic cell arranged to be excited by light rays representing the general illumination or light condition to which the observers eye isexposed. Since the deflection of the instrument is proportional to the light intensity affecting the photovoltaic cell, the extinction index will be automatically adjusted and is so arranged and coordinated with the wedge movement as to properly take into account the effect of the eye sensitivity or varying acuity of vision under the varying light conditions, substantially independently of the personal factor and free from other defects and disadvantages inherent in meters of this type heretofore known and used in the art.

For this purpose, in the example shown in the drawing, the index 16 is constituted by the end of the pointer or needle 36 of a microammeter type instrument mounted in the casing Ill and having a permanent magnet 31 provided with an air gap to accommodate a rotatable moving coil 38 which carries the pointer or needle 36. constructional details of the meter and other elements are well known in the art and have been omitted from the drawing for ease of illustration and disclosure. The end portion iii of the needle 36 is bent at a right angle to provide an index or test element close and transverse to and moving substantially in the direction of the wedge movement.

The photovoltaic cell 40 which may be of the known blocking layer type, such as a selenium or cupreous oxide cell, is directly electrically connected to the moving coil 38 of the indicator through suitable conductors (not shown). In the example shown, the cell is mounted in the front, part of the casing in spaced relation to a further opening 4! in the cover I l, which opening may be covered by a transparent or translucent plate, if desired. The cell is shown slightly slanting towards the rear, whereby to be exposed to the light rays B known as highlights and representing the general light condition to which the observers eye is exposed.

The arrangement of the photometric wedge l4 and the connection of the instrument to the photovoltaic cell as well as their design and physical correlation are such that the index It moves in a direction of decreasing wedge density as the general lighting conditions increase, and vice versa, whereby to compensate for the effects of the varying eye sensitivity or acuity of vision in a manner readily understood from the foregoing.

Since the rate of decrease of the eye sensitivehighlights or light condition is non-linear, that is, since the eye becomes less and less sensitive in distinguishing relative brightness differences to a continuously increasing degree as the surrounding illumination becomes brighter, provision is made according to a further feature of the invention to cause the deflection of index It to increase in a nonlinear tashion in such a manner as to vary the position of the index in substantially direct proportion to the change of the eye sensitivity. This is accomplished by shaping the pole pieces N and S of the electrical instrument in such a manner as to cause the air gap therebetween and a central iron core 42 in which the coil 38 is positioned to increase as the deflection of the coil increases in accordance with increasing general illumination. Such a meter construction is illustrated more clearly in Figure 2 of the drawing.

Referring to the latter, the arrangement and design of the meter is such that for very low light conditions the deflection of the pointer or moving coil 38 remains substantially zero, corresponding to the position shown in Figure 2, and

maintains this position over a substantial range in view of the rather low sensitivity of the electrical meter for low light intensities. The photometric wedge l4 and the calculator are so designed as to give correct readings under these conditions and over a given range of relatively low illumination or light conditions (interior scenes, deep shadows, etc.).

If the light conditions increase beyond this lower range, the moving coil will be gradually deflected, whereby to move the index IE to ever-decreasing deflecting positions in substantial proportion to the decrease of the eye sensitiveness and in such a manner as to properly take into consideration and compensate for the eye sensitivity error in the manner understood from the foregoing. In this manner, the low sensitivity of the electrical meter for low light intensities will not be a handicap and accordingly a less sensitive and rugged meter may be employed resulting in reduced cost and other advantages, as is understood.

The eye sensitivity decreases substantially logarithmically as the general lighting conditions increase, and accordingly the electric meter should have a logarithmic response for exact compensation. This may be obtained by the proper shaping of the pole pieces as shown in Figure 2. Other means to obtain a logarithmic response curve consist in using a more simple and cheaper meter construction having a constant air gap width and to insert a fixed high ohmic resistance (about LOGO-2,000 ohms) in series with the photovoltaic cell and the meter to change the normally linear current-light intensity characteristic into a characteristic substantially approximating a logarithmic relation.

Referring to Figure 5, I have shown schematically an exposure control system according to the invention suitable for structural combination with a camera. Item 45 is an annular shaped hood or baflle having radial partitions 46 to provide a limited acceptance angle a for the light rays A emanating from a photographic subject. Mounted behind the light baflle 45 is a disk 4'! of lightdiflusing material such as frosted glass or the like and followed by a pair of spaced annular rotatable rand concentric photometric wedges 48 and 50, each being directly coupled to one of the adjustments 5| and 52 of a camera. Item 5| may represent the lens aperture adjustment and 52 may be the exposure time adjustment, or vice versa.

The light rays, after passing the diffusing disk 41 and wedges 4B and 50, are deflected at right angle by a mirror or reflector 53 towards a viewing slot which may be covered by a non-difl using neutral density filter 54 having sections of variable density to be selectively placed in position over some the: slctr :(one' innther section: flobningeshcwm'in tlthe dwwwingy forrconsideringeadditionaliexposnre determining faotorsxsuche as' illmzspeed. zlndoiofl dormecl :by ithefltransversely: bent endt ohac-pointer i or: needler 56 of an. iindicaitingi instrument isn ar- -ranged toimoveibetween theiwedgesififl and 50 to :produce aishadow imagezorr comparisommarl: 55

cexposureztimel withi'all the other settingssuch; as the reelected: coordinated exposure value, vfll-m spee'dretc, rto bezmade iniadvanceiancl remaining rflxed: omcomtant 'as long'as desiredobyithe, pho- 55 tographer.

Thnsgvrefeneingwto Figure 10, annptieal-zwdge 85 is directly? superposed; upon a, :scale :member rtolservevas a basis oriindex forthe: extinctionzad- 86 provided'with graduations representing-a 1 Justment. apenture scalenin .the example illustrated. .1 This e mc er s wmo v ectly electrically lo constitutesaa known light gauge elementvwhinh, connected to a -photoyoltaicneell" iilzzand which when viewed mthe direction of thaamowEnindicarries the needie iG: passing through aiacuit- 'catesPdirectlwtheeproper lens aperture. by'read- ..able central opening in theme-i on. 'iThe phbtoing the numberawhichappears just-"barely visible, voltaic cell 5l is'excitedisby light raysfB proporima :manner welllknown in the art. Inordendio ticnal ito the general light conditionsiand which; consider varyingaexposure timesand ifilmvspeeds, "may be controlled by an adjustable dimming1deelement 86 isshownto have an extenisionrcarryvice .-to 'nonsideraadditional factors idetarmining ing an exposure time scale- 8'! arranged to coopertheexposure of a camera. iTherewis-zshown for ate with auiixedlfilmspeed scale 88.

thispurpcsean iris diaphragm' lll hayingian ad- Accordingly, by setting; member' 86 in suchrza dustingimobiiand an index "cooperating Wi'thggo manner that a chosen exposure time '(lnlcflieial a stationary scale 6| representing' film speedxfilimr is opposite to the speed number of the particular factors' many other value' errteringvin'to the exfilm or plate :used on scale 83 (arbitraryufiim posure determination. Any'othen'lighhmodifier speed numbers 7 1, 2 and. 3, representing l low, nor sensitivity control irr'place of the diaphragm mediumnnd high speed films and eachubeing 58 may be employed, such as a graduated wedgeggg, twice as fast as fiiZE IJIGGGGiRg one beingeshown placed' over thephotoelectric cell il or a variable in the drawings for simplicity) the properi iens -electrical' resistance connected in series with or aperture may be directly read substantiallyzwith- 1 parallel to the instrument. out any additional.adjustmentsor2man1pulations lnopereition, either: thedens aperture or exduring tl'ieactu'al exposure determinastion. nAs posure' time may be-set' *toa 'desired value byzmo is undeflstoodfthe 'aperture aiid exposureritime adjusting'membersil and=52-,-respectiv'ely;wliorescales may be interchanged, inpwhich'case ithe upon the coordinated adjustmentisset to' a point meter'will aiford'a direct reading of therequired where the index is extinguished-to "result/inn shutterspeed for a-previously selectecl lens aperproper setting of the camera controls whhibh will ture. "insure a correctly exposed ph'otograph. 135 In order'to'consider the varying eye: sensitivity other details ofthe operation wlll be readily in the final exposure reading, member 85 isaarunder'stood trom the descriptionwof the meter ranged 'ior directacljustmenthy the moving coil "shown-iii l igures' I to 4. "of the electrical meter responsive to the'hi'gh- Figures 6-9 illustrate by way of exampie =a lights orsurrounding light conditionin a manner "cameraoi'the collapsiblebellows-type embodying I40 understood from the foregoing, .and indicated anenposure control apparatus'ol "the typeshown --schematic'ally by the pointer orindicatoi ilfl. I In in Figure 5. The camera shown comprisesdma other words, both members 85 and flli of'the light known manner a body FFi and ak'lensor shutter gauge" are relatively longitudinally and=initiaily casing fill connected to said" body by bellows 'fi'l adjustable, asindicatedby the arrows '6-=IL' a1"ld and collapsible linkagza-mechanismGB. Items 10 -yy; respectively, in the=drawingz and H indicate "the film winding spohls-for'mov- A constructional form of a meter'of thistype inga film" 12 :past the' pioturegate' in theflccial is shown in Figs. Hand 12. In theiatten'iitem plane of the camerajitem' 73 is a'shutten arid ltem 9! is an annular-or ring-shaped bailiesimiiar to "Malena suitably mountedin'the-casing ifi. The the'baflle fiof Figure 5 and rotatably mounted exposure meter is also mounted-in the-casingtflifl) *in the front wall of easing HI. A ring-shaped behind and above the shutter Til-and the-parts -bevel gear 92 and an=annular photometric'wedge and connections are siriiilararid ccnesporld -to 93 are secured to the rearend ofsaid bafiie=inthe the arrangement bf-FigureE; as-is"readily=undermanner shown in the drawing. *Gear92'cooperstood from the drawing. Themagn'et- 15-01 the ates with a further ring-shapedbevel gear fl at indicator is of annularshape arid *mountedlifi right angle to the former and -mountedunderdirectlybehind the shutter 13. neath the top or cover I I. Gear 94 in'turn meshes Otherdetailsof the camerashown areofstandwith a further gear 95 carried by a shaft 96 which ardfiesign; such as theyiewfind'er -16, therange is journalled in the top H and has securd'to its "finder window", the stop andapertureadjustouter-end a scale disk or-dial -B'l and adjusting ments '82 and 83 movable within-arcuate'slots84$ 'knob'98. The'various'gears may be fnrther suitarid 85in the front of-casing 66 aridcooperating ably-supportedby guides or brackets, as isunderwith correspondingscales w' and 81, respectively stood.

'There is furthermore shown anadditionalbril- Directly-behind the wedge 93 andparallei thereliant view finder havingeiements 1831i? and!!! to is a scale disk Iillattached centrally andat and mountedin the frontoasing firtoldentify right angles to the shaft or needle ID! of the and to properly point the'camera' inthe'direction moving coil Hi2 of a galvanometer type electrical of the subjectduring the exposure cohtrol-or-adindicator having a permanent magnet I03. A justment. 'As is understood, the subjectfield 'enmirror 'llll centrally perforated to pass theneedle compassediby thisfinder'coinbides'wlth the field itll serves to project an image of the light gauge "encompassed by the" exposure'meteras' well as I element comprised of the wedge Handsome-disk thepicture field of thecamera objective. 1M towards anaperture or viewing opening I05 According to a further-embotiimehtofl the *inin the 'top' orcover I l. ventionras shown ina'schematicmannerdnwig- The dial'B'lis-proviclecl with the first scale I" me 10, themeter-may be' oonstructed for a direct arranged 'tc cooperate-with a furtherscalet sill "rcading'of anexposure-"value dens aperture-Or QsfiXedIy' applied to the cover i I. am-theexampie shown, disk Hill, which is operated by the electrical indicator, carries an aperture scale which may be either in the form of opaque numbers applied to a transparent background or in the form of transparent numbers applied to opaque material similar to a stencil. In this case, scale I 06 represents film speeds and scale I01 represents shutter speeds. Two photoelectric cells it! are mounted on both sides of the opening I05 and adjusting dial 9?, to increase the total photoelectrio current by connecting the cells in parallel and to the electrical indicator through conducting wires or the like.

It is understood that the meter shown in Figures 11 and 12 may be easily modified for operation similar to the operation of the meter shown in Figures 1-4. All that is necessary for this purpose is to provide disk I with a single index and to calibrate the scales I06 and I01 in lens apertures and exposure times. In addition, scale I01 is made adjustable for cooperation with a fixed film speed scale in substantially the same manner as shown in Figure 3.

According to a further feature of this invention, the electrical meter may be used separately as a so-called highlight exposure meter. All that is required for this purpose is the provision of a suitable scale representing light values in cooperation with the pointer or needle of the meter. Such a scale may be advantageously provided adiacent to the aperture 24 of Figure 3 and coopcrating with the index l6. The light value read in this manner may then be converted into proper exposure values by the aid of a separate computor or slide-rule type calculator suitably mounted upon the meter casing in a manner well known and understood by those skilled in the art.

The exposure meter, according to the present invention, is especially suitable for obtaining socalled shadow readings to avoid the error in the average or integrated measurement of the light emanating from a photographic scene due to the variation of the relative dark and bright areas of said scene. To avoid this error, it has been suggested to use an exposure meter so as to measure the amount of light comin from the deepest shadow portion of the scene and to expose for this region and let the highlights take care of themselves. However, electric meters, as pointed out, are too insensitive for low brightness values so that this method has not been found to be widely practical with meters of this type. By using a meter according to the invention, the above defect is substantially eliminated.

If an exposure meter normally designed for average or integrated light measurement is used in the aforementioned manner by exposing on the deepest shadows of a scene which it is desired to still render correctly in its tonal value relative to the remaining scene portions (such as by approaching the subject or varying the acceptance angle of the meter), a correction will be necessary by reducing the exposure indicated by about oneeighth for the average photographic emulsion at present being commercially available. Alternatively, the meter constructed in accordance with the present invention may be provided with a further extinction mark in addition to the main extinction mark (l6 according to Fig. 1), said additional extinction mark being properly displaced relative to the main extinction mark and identified for use when a shadow measurement is desired in place of an exposure based on the average or integrated total brightness of a scene.

Such a meter may be constructed, for instance,

in the manner shown in Figures 11 and 12 by providing the disk I00 attached to the shaft or needle of the electrical instrument with two radial lines. one for use for average or integrated light measurement and the other to be used when a shadow measurement is desired, in place of the lens aperture numbers now shown in the drawing. If, furthermore, scales I06 and I0! represent exposure time and aperture values, or vice versa, proper alignment of the scale will be obtained by causing the respective index lines to disappear in the viewing slot upon rotation of the adjusting knob 98. The index lines have to be properly spaced angularly so as to result in an exposure when using the line provided for the shadow measurement equal to about one eighth of the exposure obtained by using the line corresponding to an average or integrated light measurement. Both lines may be suitably identified by letters, diflferent colors, eta, such as shown and described in greater detail in my copending application Serial No. 565,217, filed November 27, 1944, and entitled Exposure control system.

While I have shown and described a few desirable embodiments of my invention, it is understood that this disclosure is for the purpose of illustration and the various changes in shape, proportion and arrangement of parts, as well as the substitution of equivalent elements for those herein shown and described may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a. restrictive, sense.

I claim:

1. In a photographic exposure determining device, an extinction type light meter comprising a body, a photometric wedge mounted upon said body and arranged to have one side thereof irradiated by light rays emanating from a photographic scene in the operative position of said device, an index element arranged in the path of said light rays to produce a test mark upon said wedge, when said wedge held at a distance from the observers eye is viewed in a direction opposite to said light rays, adjusting means for moving said wedge relative to said body and past said index element, whereby the extent of displacement to cause said mark to become just barely visible is a measure of the scene brightness, exposure determining means carried by said body comprising adjustable means positivel coupled with said adjusting means, a photovoltaic cell arranged relative to said wedge to be excited, in the operative position of said device, by light varying according to the general light conditions surrounding said scene and to which the observer's eye is exposed, an electrical indicator comprising a magnet having a pair of pole pieces, a central core therebetween and a moving coil carrying said index element and rotatably mounted within the gap between said pole pieces and said core, said gap increasing in width with increasing deflection from zero of said moving coil, circuit connections from said moving coil to said cell to adjust the position of said index element in the direction of decreasing wedge density as said light conditions change from dark to brighter and viceversa, to thereby substantially compensate for the adjusting error of said meter due to the varying eye sensitivity of the observer under different general light conditions.

2. In a photographic exposure determining device, an extinction type light meter comprising a body, a photometric wedge mounted upon said QWBR 1! body and arranged to have one side thereof ir radiated by light rays emanating from a photdw' graphic scene in the operativepositionof said de vice; an index element arranged in the'pathoffi 12 index elements-whereby; thecentent 1 on :displflBG-ement td-cause ltsaid-unark tenbeconmcjuswbazelyi visible-d5 aflmBESHIEi of: the 55138112 ebmghlmess, .83: exposure calnulaton? comprisings an adiustablies said light rays to produce'a test mark uponsaid 55 scale ememben posiaweix? coupledi'iwitl'uzsaidc wedge, when said wedge heldat a distance from the ob'servers eye is viewed in a direction oppo site to said light rays, adjusting means for mov ing said wedge relative to said body and past said justingmreanssand recuperating dens :apentune rand: shhtterrspeedi iscalesarrangedouporrcsziddmembem and said body, aphniauwvoltaiczccll amngedrelee tim'itct BalfiiWEdgB tonbeiexcited;im-thesopmtiuez index element, whereby the extentof displace-40 1 position-oisaidrdeidoeabyiiight .varyinggaccorda ment'to cause said mark-to become just barely visible is a measure of the-scene-brightness, an exposure calculator comprising at least one scalemember carrying an exposure scale and adjust IlIlgIJtOi thBi ggnerahdighhtcondibions: surroundings saidcscene andto cwhichithe obsenrem eye is 38h posed, an electrical indicator comprisinga'nntags net-i' haizingmapainmfi pole mieceseaacentazak icore able relative to said body, positive coupling" iaithewbetwcenaamdamnmeing coiii carryingisaid:

means between said scale member and saidad justing means, a photovoltaic cell arranged rela-" tive' to said wedge to be excited, in the operative-' position-of said device, by light varying accord-- indaceiement andirotatahlmmonnted within this: gapcbeizweeni saizdopoier piecessand saidi core; said: gap: increasingizinz. widthz'iwitlrincreasingizddfiecetionafromrzem ct saidmnvingicoii, circuitconneceing, to the general light conditions surrounding an ti'dnszi'nomsaidfmoving collate saintcell to'adjusti said scene and to which the observer's eye is ex posed; an electrical indicator comprising a magnet having a pair of pole pieces, a central core there between and a moving coil carrying said index theepositiiim on said. index element. in" 'theuiixece ttonnof: decreasinggwedge rdensitys asssaidclight i conditions change from dark to brighter: and versaoto'rtherebyzsubstentiafl y compensatd or the element and rotatabiy mounted within the gap 23: adjustingierromof saidrmntezzdueito:the varying P between said pole pieces and said core, saidgap increasing in width with increasing deflection" from zero of said moving coil, circuit connections from said movingvcoil to said cell to adjust the position of said index element in'the directionof 3o:

decreasing Wedge density as said light conditions change from dark to brighter and vice-versa, to thereby substantially compensate for the adjust ing error of said meter due to the varying eye" sensitivity of the observer under different gen- 35- Numbeb eral light conditions.

31 Ir'i' a photographic exposure determining device, an extinction type light meter comprising; a'body, a photometric Wedge'mounted upon'saidbody and arranged to have one side thereof ,ir-' 4d radiated by light rays emanating from a photo'- graphic scene in the operative position of said 'de'- vice, an index element arranged in'the, pathof said light rays to produce a test mark upon'said wedge, when said wedge held 'at a distance from. 5

the observer's eye is viewed in a direction oppo+ site to said light rays, adjusting means for mov ing said wedge relative to said body and past said:

eye sensitivity: of 1 the: observer: under; different:

genermia light conditioners,

xammmsr.

REFERENGES The following re'henences sanewof -.reeordii:v-tl'iefile of -Kthis patents UNITED STATESiPATENTS OTHER "REFERENCES Sen. No; 35%,992 (AMP. C.).,- pub; May 4,4943. 

